Compare and contrast the approaches that are available for analysing Essay

Compare and contrast the approaches that are available for analysing the project environment. How would a project manager use the outputs of this analysis - Essay Example Identify actors or factors that need special attention Develop strategies for increasing control or influence including formal and informal linkages Develop a plan to cope with potential problems caused by actors and factors Priority must be given to those especially characterized by medium or high dependency, medium or high risk, and medium or low control. The project environment may be defined as "the whole set of institutions, people and natural systems which surround the project and interact with it". The purpose of any analysis of the project environment is primarily to identify a list of factors that may have an impact on the successful conclusion of a project. They be classified contrastingly as follows (Bryant and White, 1982) - Stable/turbulent - Uniform/diverse - Clustered/random - Resource-munificent/resource-scarce Approaches to analyzing the Project Environment Descriptive Model Use of the Descriptive Model is helpful for the Manager who wishes to categorise the range of dimensions within the project environment. An appropriate set of dimensions comprises: - The natural environment - The built environment - The financial environment - The social environment - The political environment It may be seen that these link to the capitals of the sustainable livelihoods framework, though there are also important differences. Hierarchical Model If the analysis has involved making judgments not just about what is important in the project environment but also at what level then the Hierarchical Model is appropriate. This divides the project environment into local, regional and national (or international) factors, each of which may need different responses. Hierarchical models provide a way of examining...It will also help to formulate strategies and to decide whether the strategies devised to control risk are cost-effective. A top priority for any Project Manager will be to make a complete list of the variables that can affect project performance. S/he must then try to anticipate which (if any) may lead to project failure. It is important to understand that these factors may not be clear and/or obvious; careful analysis of the full context within which the project is being undertaken (its "environment") is required. The project environment may be defined as "the whole set of institutions, people and natural systems which surround the project and interact with it". The purpose of any analysis of the project environment is primarily to identify a list of factors that may have an impact on the successful conclusion of a project. If the analysis has involved making judgments not just about what is important in the project environment but also at what level then the Hierarchical Model is appropriate. This divides the project environment into local, regional and national (or international) factors, each of which may need different responses. Hierarchical models provide a way of examining differences across different parameters.

Abortion from a Pro-Life Perspective Research Paper

Abortion from a Pro-Life Perspective - Research Paper Example Many women suffered from serious and, often, long term, consequences, including internal damage, permanent sterility, and infections. There are a great number of women who did not survive long after having these procedures. To prevent these kinds of unsafe procedures abortions have been made more readily available to women. Unfortunately, this only led to a greater gap between those who fought on both sides of the issue. Those who support a woman’s right to choose abortion, often called â€Å"Pro-Choice,† as an option feel that it is a woman’s right and she cannot be forced to use her body to produce a new life unless she wishes to. The â€Å"Pro-Life† representatives, those who do not support abortion of any kind, actively believe that every abortion is essentially a murder of an innocent life (Giubilini, and Minerva 1). There are, also, moderates, those who have concluded that the only way to find resolution on this heated issue is through compromise. Th ey do not believe abortions should be completely legal and available, but based on circumstance. For example, underage girls who have suffered sexual abuse or incest, a woman whose pregnancy put her health in danger and anyone whose pregnancy resulted from an act of rape. These victims should have the option. In the end, because there are so many unanswered questions and uncertainties regarding abortion it is best to err on the side of caution and make abortion procedures illegal until such knowledge is gained. There are two very strong reasons to support the â€Å"Pro-Life† perspective. The first, involves the question, â€Å"when does life begin?† At what point in the development of a fetus does it become aware and when does it qualify for the rights belonging to all individuals? Is it the moment of conception or when the brain develops? We do not know. When does it have an innate right to its life and anything interfering with that becomes an act of violence or murd er? Many religious individuals press the topic of the fetus’s â€Å"soul.† Unfortunately, neither religion nor science can answer either of these questions with an absolute certainty. So we do not know if the fetus’s aborted possessed self-awareness, ethically have a right to its life, or is its existence until birth technically not its own being. Not knowing these answers, whether you are a religious person or simply a logical one, you cannot be certain then how can anyone flippantly determine that it is nothing more than a gathering of â€Å"cellular material.† Until these answers are found abortion must remain an issue of debate and not put into practice. The second main issue that supports a â€Å"Pro-Life† perspective is the worry that having legal abortions would lead to more and more abortion procedures being performed. If may make the sexually active public less dependent on contraception to avoid unwanted pregnancy and allowing abortions t o act as their birth control. The idea being that some woman would be having multiple abortions on a regular basis. Between legalization and the unanswered questions involving the rights of fetuses it makes for an unsettling and ethically questionable future. Legalization would only increases the numbers of unwanted pregnancies not reduce them (University California Santa Barbara). Creating new life should not be perceived the same way that an infectious disease is perceived. Discovery that you are pregnant should not be sending you to the clinic to have it treated like an illness. This sets the precedent that there are degrees to the value of

Market Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market Intervention - Essay Example The prime argument for the initiation of minimum wages has been the removal of economic disparity. As it has been observed time and again that the poor workers have been deprived of the minimum facilities and benefits by the employers all over the globe, the concept of minimum wages aimed to end the economic oppression. United Kingdom has not been an exception either. It was in the year of 1999 that the government of United Kingdom (led by the Labour Party) introduced the minimum wage. The initiation of the ‘National Minimum Wage’ is considered as one of the most significant interventions by the government in the labour market. The other major party of the United Kingdom, the Conservative Party which opposed the minimum wage previously in 1991, also vouched for the cause since 2005. The major objective of the minimum wages has been the rise of standard of living of the working class of the society (Center for Economic Performance, â€Å"Policy Analysis†). Prior to the implementation of minimum wages, the concerned quarters of the industry speculated that the installation of minimum wages might reduce up to two million of jobs alone in the market of United Kingdom. It was so predicted because it was estimated that the employers will reduce the number of posts as they would have to pay minimum wages for any new employment and therefore, they would rather try to extract more work from those who already have higher wage. But the various research reports prepared in the subsequent years proved such speculation to be impractical as there was no reported news of spillover. The implementation of minimum wage proved to be extremely beneficial to the female workforce of the United Kingdom. Also, it was observed that the implementation of such wage structure contributed to increase of wage for about 5% to 6% of the workforce of the United Kingdom during the initial years.

Major event happened in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major event happened in China - Essay Example This places China on the same level as Trinidad and Tobago and Serbia. The index also reveals that China is indeed more corrupt than most of the developing countries like Sri Lanka. Corruption in China takes various forms such as either structural or non-structural. Non-structural corruption is also common in other parts of the world and includes illegal or criminal acts such as embezzlement of public funds, bribery, nepotism, and patronage. Structural corruption, on the other hand, is very difficult to tackle because it emerges on from weakness in political and economic structures in the country. This includes backdoor deals, statistical falsification, and graft. What is worse, corruption in China takes place at both individual and institutional levels. Political corruption has been a major obstacle to China’s development over the years and despite the government taking significant steps to curb the problem, there are still major instances of corruption in the country. Some analysts such as Yan Sun, a professor at City University of New York claim that there are more corrupt members in China’s leading political party, CPP than there are honest members. The current Chinese President Xi Jinping has taken a tough stance against corruption and has vowed to fight the vice. Impacts of widespread corruption include undermining democracy and good governance, reduces accountability, weakens institutions, and compromises both international and national laws. Corruption is a major threat to China’s development in its bid to overtake the US the world economic powerhouse. Most of the cases of corruption in China do nt6 find their way to the international stage due to unwillingness of the government to share such data with f oreign agencies. This has, however, not stopped some cases from attracting headlines in both local and international media. This essay is based on Makinen Julie’s article titled â€Å"In China, Corruption Cases Keep

Hofstedes framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hofstedes framework - Essay Example Ineffective management of productivity, on the other hand, deters productivity.The theory thus provides for effective ways of managing cultural diversity thus influencing the formation of an effective cross-cultural communication that will enhance the interaction in organizations. Culture is an important social feature that influences individual values; this implies that cultural conflicts are likely to result in the conflict of values a feature that will definitely affect the productivity at the workplace. In developing effective cross-cultural communication, Hofstede vouchers for an understanding of the cultural differences. A manager must understand the differences thereby understanding the differences in the values. This way, it becomes easier to appreciate and acknowledge cultural differences thus influencing the development of effective and considerate communication channels in the organization. Human resource managers must always strive to develop cohesive workforces that func tion seamlessly. Creating such a workforce requires the acknowledgment of the cultural differences since they influence the difference in the individual values. This way, the managers can readily discourage the manifestation of the negative personality features that may arise from the cultural differences. With such an in-depth understanding of the cultural differences, Hofstede asserts that it becomes possible for managers to barn particular behaviors while encouraging positive interpersonal skills that enhance productivity.

A.C. Devices Essay Example for Free

A.C. Devices Essay INTRODUCTION Although in our daily life we use A.C. current devices. But rectifier is a ‘Electronic device which converts A.C. power into D.C. power’. The study of the junction diode characteristics reveals that the junction diode offers a low resistance path, when forward biased, and a high resistance path, when reverse biased. This feature of the junction diode enables it to be used as a rectifier. The alternating signals provides opposite kind of biased voltage at the junction after each half-cycle. If the junction is forward biased in the first half-cycle, its gets reverse biased in the second half. It results in the flow of forward current in one direction only and thus the signal gets rectified. In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal is applied across a junction diode, it will conduct only during those alternate half cycles, which biased it in forward direction. TYPE OF RECTIFIER Mainly we have two types of rectifier : 1. Half wave rectifier. 2. Full wave rectifier. JUNCTION DIODE AS HALF WAVE RECTIFIER When a single diode is used as a rectifier, the rectification of only one-half of the A.C. wave form takes place. Such a rectification is called half-wave rectification. The circuit diagram for a half-wave rectifier is shown in Fig. Principle : It is based upon the principle that junction diode offers low resistance path when forward biased, and high resistance when reverse biased. Arrangement :- The A.C. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step down transformer. The secondary coil(S) of the transformer is connected to the junction diode and a load resistance RL. The out put D.C. voltage is obtained across the load resistance(RL) Theory : Suppose that during the first half of the input cycle, the junction diode gets forward biased the conventional current will flow in the direction of the arrow-heads. The upper end of RL will be at positive potential w.r.t. the lower end. During the negative half cycle of the input a.c. voltage, the diode is reverse biased. No current flows in the circuit, and therefore, no voltage is developed across (RL). Since only the positive half cycle of the input appears across the load, the a.c. input is converted into pulsating direct current (d.c.). Disadvantage of Half-Wave-Rectifier : 1. Half wave rectification involves a lot of wastage of energy and hence it is not preferred. 2. A small current flows during reverse bias due to minority charge carriers. As the output across (RL) is negligible. 3. The resulting d.c. voltage is not steady enough for some purpose. The following device is used when a very steady d.c. voltage is required. JUNCTION DIODE AS A FULL WAVE RECTIFIER â€Å"A rectifier which rectifies both waves of the a.c. input is called a full wave rectifier†. Principle :- It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers low resistance during forward biased and high resistance, when reverse biased. Difference from half-wave-rectifier :- The main difference is that in full wave rectifier we use two diodes. For this when we apply a.c. current to the rectifier then the first half wave get forward biased due to first diode. And when the second half wave comes. Then at that time the second diode comes in action and gets forward biased. Thus output obtained during both the half cycles of the a.c. input Arrangement :- The a.c. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step down transformer. The two diodes of the secondary coil(S) of the transformer are connected to the P-sections of the junction diodes (D1) and (D2). A load resistance (RL) is connected across the n-sections of the two diodes and at centre of the secondary coil. The d.c. output will be obtained across the load resistance (RL). Theory :- Suppose that during first half of the input cycle, upper end of (S) coil is at positive potential. And lower end is at negative potential. The junction diode (D1) gets forward biased, while the diode. (D2) get reverse biased. When the second half of the input cycle comes, the situation will be exactly reverse. Now the junction diode (D2) will conduct. Since the current during both the half cycles flows from right to left through the load resistance (RL) the output during both the half cycles will be of same nature. Thus, in a full wave rectifier, the output is continuous but pulsating in nature. However it can be made smooth by using a filter circuit. REVERSE BIASING ON A JUNCTION DIODE A P-n junction is said to be reverse biased if the positive terminal of the external battery B is connected to n-side and the negative terminal to p-side of the p-n junction. In reverse biasing, the reverse bias voltage supports the potential barrier VB. (Now the majority carriers are pulled away from the junction and the depletion region become thick. There is no conduction across the junction due to majority carriers. However, a few minority carriers (holes in n-section and electrons in p-section) of p-n Junction diode cross the junction after being accelerated by high reverse bias voltage. Since the large increase in reverse voltage shows small increase in reverse current, hence, the resistance of p-n junction is high to the flow of current when reverse biased. MATERIAL REQUIRED 1. Transformer : It is device which is used to increase or decrease the alternating current and alternating voltage. For the rectifier, it may be step down or step up. 2. Junction Diode : It is made up of p-type and n-type semiconductor which conducts when the p terminal of diode to connect to positive terminal of battery and n region is connected to negative terminal of battery i.e. during forward biased and does not conduct during reverse biased.

Ethical Issues in Geriatric Service Organizations

Ethical Issues in Geriatric Service Organizations LINA DIAZ Common ethical issues and conflicts experienced by managers and practitioners of geriatric service organizations and recommend alternative measures to remove or minimise such ethical dilemmas and conflicts experienced by managers and practitioners of geriatric organizations. Actual and potential conflict of interest between family members, professional There are common ethical issues and conflicts experienced by health professionals and managers of geriatric service organizations. Ethical consideration rendering for elderly patients, no matter what the age, if they are able to make health decision for themselves, then they should receive the right to do without being pressured. If they are incapable of doing it then the relatives will make such decision. In the world of the elderly, ethical issues are greatly important because they are very vulnerable. In such, that elderly are taken advantage of their rights as patients. The ethical issue, dilemmas involve the elderly and those healthcare provider or family members. The team of caregiver needs to form a group to provide a better care, to enhance the quality of care, and quality of life. Ethics and morality are not equivalents. Although ethics is frequently study of morals, for the elderly and their healthcare providers, ethics means two different things. For the elderly, ethics is about how they want to be treated and allowed to make their own decisions. For family members as caregivers, ethics is about doing what is right even when no one is looking. For professionals providing eldercare, ethics is about adherence to established canons of ethics promulgated by organizations. There are common Ethical issues in the eldercare providers. The Actual Conflicts of Interest, several conflicts of interest may arise when family members and professional caregivers assist or represent the elderly. Conflicts involving spouses and their wishes versus the elder’s wishes and interest; conflicts involving family members from different generations and their wishes versus the elders interest; conflicts involving a fiduciary (such as a guardian, conservator or agent under a power of attorney) who may have interest different than elder; and conflicts involving the care provider’s business interest versus the elder interest, wellbeing and quality of life. The Poten tial, Future or Perceived Conflicts of Interest, are those which are not actual conflicts when rendering assistance to the elder’s. For instance, a power of attorney is prepared by the elder’s attorney and signed by the elder to give his son the power to manage all his business affairs when the elder could not. At this point there is a potential conflict of interest. Later, after the elder is actually incapacitated, the son as agent seeks legal counsel concerning strategy that could impoverish the elder by transferring the assets to the son. The potential conflict has now become a conflict of interest. Social workers should be alert and avoid conflicts of interest that inhibit the exercise of professional discretion and impartial judgment. Clients should be inform in potential conflicts arises and assist to resolve the issue that protect the client interest. Ethical Issues and the Elderly www.ensingnlaw.com Confidentiality Confidentiality issues is one the hardest things to learn by many healthcare providers and how to maintain patient confidentiality. Privacy maybe invaded and confidentiality violated by revealing information that can be used to expose a client to unwanted response from healthcare provider. Issues form the client cannot discuss with our family, friends or spouse. Yet, in reality it happen, even it is illegal unless it is done with great discretion to protect the client’s identity. Under the law, we need to ask permission from the client about discussing clients care even with his own family. There are some other privacy issues that caused health care institution to rearrange offices, designate waiting areas and sign in sheets to protect the privacy and identity of the patients. Trust is very essential part in establishing relationship between caregiver and clients. Patients need to know that they can discuss sensitive information with their health provider in a safe condition. However, there are some issues such as public health issues like Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sexually transmitted disease and communicable disease which require reporting. Being a health care provider, confidentiality is very important to practice, discussing with colleague, we need to make sure that others cannot hear the conversation or identify a patient. The records and charts of the patients must be kept confidential in legal terms. It should protect the information and responsibly share the information to trusted one. Yet there are rare circumstances, such as when a court order has been issued, wherein a physician may be legally obligated to disclose information without the patient’s signature. Similarly, a physician might have a duty to warn, if it is believed that a patient poses an obvious threat to other individuals. The health care provider should avoid disclose any personal and medical information that has been entrusted to them by the patients. When a pa tient’s private information is shared, there is the expectation that health care providers will keep the information in confidence. This may include patient’s diagnosis, history of illness, drug use, and family history. The importance of confidentiality to elderly patients should not be overlooked. Although health care team, family and friends might assume that these concepts are unimportant to an elderly patient, the patient might not agree. A competent patient should expect that information share with the health care provider will kept confidential. Confidentiality Issues www.netplaces.com Ethics Programs www.miami.edu Decision-making capacity of the elderly Decision making capacity and competency in the elderly, the number of older adults with cognitive impairment has increased. There is growing need for assessments to identify their decision making capacity and competence. The importance of assessing decision making capacity is respecting the values and interests of older adults. It is necessary to ensure that intervention improve care for all older adults. However, issues related to capacity to consent raise many difficult questions that must address. Assessing the decision making abilities of understanding, appreciation, reasoning, and expressing a choice is very important. Assessing competency becomes increasingly critical when the patients wish id to forego a life-saving procedure. Supporting patient’s choice regardless of the outcome of that decision is an important part of patient advocacy and therefore an important component of patient care. Decision Making Capacity www.ncbi.nlm.nib.gov